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The Composer blast pretty much killed everyone in New Phoenix or something. So, we can pretty much assume that casualties were <5 million from the whole shabang.
Populations tend to regenerate slowly, so I'd think that ~40-50 billion would be about correct. Much of Africa was glassed, but much of Africa is also uninhabited. The handful (maybe a dozen or so) of major colonies that weren't hit by the Covenant during the war would also probably have a few billion each. The remaining settlements are, I would assume, primarily small military/scientific/mining facilities with negligible population.
Incidentally, the scene in the H4 Epilogue when the Marines search New Phoenix for survivors is my absolute favorite moment in all the Halo games I've played for some reason.